Do you think the US is currently doing all that it should to reduce Essay

Do you think the US is currently doing all that it should to reduce global warming - Essay Example Voluntary measures, as it is obvious to think, won't be as effective as mandatory measures since many companies involved are worried about the short-term benifits that they are getting in the present system of traditional energy production and consumption. For example, the use of alternatives sources of energy like solar energy should be enforced as a mandatory measure to be implemented as soon as possible. According to Monga Bay (2006), the United States is acting unethically on global warming. A recent report from June 16, 2009, given by the US Global Change Research Program provides the next key findings about global warming: "The latest climate science tells us that the United States and the world must break its dependence on fossil fuels and transition rapidly to 100 percent clean, renewable energy if we hope to avoid the most catastrophic effects of global warming" (Environment California, 2008). These are the strong mandatory measures that the United States have to enforce in order to solve the global warming issue.

A Gllance At Information And Communication Technology Essay Example for Free

A Gllance At Information And Communication Technology Essay Information and communication technology (ICT) has become an important tool in all aspects of life. With the development of technology, the introduction of ICT as a tool has essentially brought tremendous revolution to the practices and procedures of nearly all forms of endeavor within business and governance during the past decades. Consequently, the importance of ICT project management cannot be overemphasized since it is the catalyst for successfully carrying out the ICT project. A critical research on the factors influencing the performance of ICT has been conducted as well as the introduction of different evaluation models or frameworks, which are used determine if an ICT project is successfully implemented. The last but not the least, a conclusion and a recommendation are given to prove that the potential values and benefits will be brought by elaborately analyzing those related factors before implementation and regularly evaluation on the ICT project. Table of content Introduction Recently, the role of Information and communication technology (ICT) has become more and more important in any forms of organizations and businesses. According to Daniels (2002) ICT has evolved to be one of the basic tool but pervasive among the public within such a short time. Besides, understanding the operational mechanism of ICT and mastering the fundamental skills and concepts of ICT are regarded as the basic knowledge that people now should equip with. However, it seems that many people have the wrong perceptions of what ICTs are; it’s commonly that ICTs generally be referred to ‘computers and computing related activities’ before the definition of ICT officially clarified by a United Nations report (1999). Also, according to UNESCO ICT could be understood in the way that which is the combination of ‘Informatics technology’ with other related technology, such as communication technology in particular. In other words, ICT is a more extended than information technology (IT), ICT not only emphasizes the technology itself, but also highlights the unified communications and the integration of telecommunications, computers; furthermore, by using these products such as the enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, users will be able to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. Now, we can find the radio broadcasts, audio conferencing, teleconferencing, email, interactive voice response system, audiocassettes and CD ROMs etc., are vari ous kinds of ICT products available, and those ICT products have been used for different purposes in our daily life, work environment, or common business practices. There are more and more people become aware of the benefits and efficiency brought by the ICT. With that in mind, people are starting paying more attentions on the ICT management issues, such as how to better manage ICT projects, what are those key factors determining the performance of ICT project, or how to adequately evaluate the performance of ICT project. Discussion Just as the other project management is, there are various success/failure factors related to the ICT project management. Here we discuss the roles of attitudes and the alignment between ICT and business, which are regarded as two of the most important key factors in ICT project management. A corresponding literature review is also preformed in order to better understand the background. The Roles of Attitudes Based on recent researches on the acceptance and use of ICT project, and related ICT design and development, ICT only brings values to the organization if it is accepted, applied and widely applied by those targeted users. From one of the research (Zhang, P. 2007), the author mentioned two different theories, which the inconformity between these two theories lays in the concepts behind and effects behavioral intention. The theories mentioned are Attitude toward ICT as an object (ATO) and Attitude toward using ICT as a behavior (ATB). By definition, ATO is â€Å"a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor† (Eagly et al. 1998) or, as a combination of evaluative judgments about an object (Crites et al. 1994), while ATB is defined as â€Å"an individual’s positive or negative feelings (evaluative affect) about performing the target behavior.† (Fishbein et al. 1975) And the conceptual confusions whether attitudes play important role in the context of ICT project acceptance and use has been clarified, and there is an interesting evidence showing that the roles of attitudes can change as the users’ use of the ICT increases. The Alignment between business and ICT The literature related to the information and communication technology (ICT) demonstrated that alignment between ICT and business will influence the business performance and effectiveness of the organization in a positive way. (Cumps, B., Viaene, S., Dedene, G., Vandenbulcke, J 2006) Furthermore, the alignment of business and ICT of an organization is one of the fundamental sustainable factors, which can also be an advantage for an organization. In that case, the organizations should consider establishing specific ICT management routines in order to obtain better alignment performance scores. Since the role of ICT cannot be underestimated, more and more people want to know whether the ICT really brings values, whether the ICT substantially improved the efficiency, or whether the ICT works as expected. Based on the research, there are several more comprehensive ICT management capability maturity framework developed, such as the ICT management capability maturity framework and ICT Per formance Reference Model. The differences between these two frameworks or models are the focus and the content. ICT management capability maturity framework The framework is a ‘spider diagram’, which includes seven indicators: ICT Applications, Business-ICT relationship, ICT strategy alignment, ICT user profile, ICT managerial paradigm, ICT governance and ICT organization. Before applying the ICT management capability maturity framework, the users should firstly define the critical processes of their ICT management for each indicator. For each indicator, there are specific process-orientated evaluation standards, and the users should make judgments for each standard to see whether it fits to the organization’s characters, needs, and specific industry. For each applied standard, there are different dimensionalities to assess the maturity of capability. The key function of this framework is to be used as an evaluating tool and a improvement roadmaps that can point out directions for the senior management on ICT and business management in strategies planning in order to sustainably improve, develop, and manage the ICT capability in support of optimized business value delivery. From this capability maturity framework, we can clearly see the ICT management capability maturity of an organization as well as its improvement footprint. At the same time, with the use of such framework, the organization can be evaluated on its overall ICT management capability, the comparison analysis between different organizations can be conducted, and even the industrial benchmark can als o be made to see the ranking of the organization in the certain industry. ICT Performance Reference Model ICT Performance Reference Model is a model using the reference model principles in the area of ICT management. For better understanding of the meaning of reference model, here the definition of the reference model that â€Å"Reference model contains relevant structures and relationships among the model elements (process structures, levels, document structures) and also the predefined knowledge (best practice examples) already included in these structures.† is used. ICT Performance Reference Model combines the strengths of mathematical and data modeling techniques for its structure and knowledge management principles for its content; namely, it represents the best practices and knowledge in the formalized model structure, and therefore allows easier knowledge replication. The framework of ICT Performance Reference Model includes ICT Management Process, ICT Performance management Methodologies, ICT Performance Measurement Processes, ICT Performance Measures and ICT Performance m anagement Tools and Applications. The performance of ICT project is then be evaluated through these dimensions. With the implication of ICT Performance Reference Model, it would be easier to address ICT management related issues including application functionality overlap, technology and knowledge heterogeneity, and constantly changing business pressures. Conclusion From the discussion part, we can see that there are different success/failure factors relate to the Information and Communication Technology project management. Each factor cannot be left out from consideration whenever applying an ICT project, namely, the importance of each factor cannot be overestimated, or there would possibly result in an unpleasant outcome. On the other hand, it is also necessary to have the ICT project to be reviewed, or assessed the related management capability maturity periodically. With the regular evaluation, the organization will have better understanding about the current state of the implementation of ICT project, the acceptance level of related personnel, the operation results compared to expected results, and the continuing alignment with organization’s strategies. Recommendations As we all know that the management of ICT in the enterprise has been increasing in importance and nowadays it is one of the critical success factors of any type of business. In order to ensure sustainable growing of an organization, the use of ICT cannot be avoidable. After the careful research, I recommend the organization should look into every success/failure factors corresponding with the ICT project before implementation, which will largely reduce the risk of carrying out a project and ending in nothing. At the same time, with careful elaboration on each success/failure factors, the organization will have better understanding of its status quo, its strengths and weakness, which can be a great headstone for the design and implementation of the ICT project. In addition to the prior-art research, the ongoing assessment is also important for an ICT project management. In that case, the organization should choose adequate evaluation model or framework with some customized changes in order to fit into the needs of the organization. By doing the regular inspection, the organization can notice the wrong behavior in time and make certain modifications accordingly. Without such safeguard monitor mechanism, it may be too late when the organization realizes the mistakes happening. References Becker, J., Knackstedt, R., Pà ¶ppelbuß, D. W. I. J. (2009). Developing maturity models for IT management. Business Information Systems Engineering, 1(3), 213-222. Cumps, B., Viaene, S., Dedene, G., Vandenbulcke, J. (2006, January). An empirical study on business/ICT alignment in European organisations. InSystem Sciences, 2006. HICSS06. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (Vol. 8, pp. 195a-195a). IEEE. Donnellan, B., Sheridan, C., Curry, E. (2011). A capability maturity framework for sustainable information and communication technology. IT professional, 13(1), 33-40. Novotnà ½, O. (2009). ICT performance reference model in the context of corporate performance management systems. IDIMT-2009 System and Humans–A complex Relationship. Linz: Trauner Verlag Universitat, 13-16. Silvius, A. G. (2009, April). Business and IT Alignment: What We Know and What We Dont Know. In Information Management and Engineering, 2009. ICIME09. International Conference on (pp. 558-563). IEEE. Zhang, P., Aikman, S. (2007). Attitudes in ICT acceptance and use. In Human-Computer Interaction. Interaction Design and Usability (pp. 1021-1030). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Hitler :: essays research papers

ADOLF HITLER'S RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND FANATICISM People often claim that Adolf Hitler believed in Atheism, Humanism, or that his religion involved ancient Nordic pagan mythology . None of this is true though. Although one of Hitler's henchmen, Alfred Rosenberg , did undertake a campaign of Nordic mythological propaganda, Hitler and most of his men did not believe in it .Many American books, television documentaries, and Sunday sermons that preach of Hitler's "evil" have eliminated Hitler's god for their Christian audiences. One has only to read from his own writing to appreciate that his God equals the same God of the bible.Hitler held many beliefs which not only include God and Providence but also Fate, Social Darwinism, and politics . He spoke , unashamedly, about God, fanaticism, idealism, dogma, and the power of propaganda. Hitler always held strong faith in all his convictions . Hitler justified his fight for the German people and against Jews by using Godly and Biblic al reasoning. One of his most revealing statements makes this quite clear: " Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator:* by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.*"Although Hitler did not practice religion in a churchly sense, he certainly believed in the Bible's God. He was raised as a Catholic and went to a Catholic school. Hitler's anti-Semitism grew from his Christian education. Christian Germany in his time took for granted the belief that Jews held an inferior status to German Christians . Jewish hatred did not spring from Hitler, it came from the preaching of Catholic priests, and Protestant ministers throughout Germany for hundreds of years. The Protestant leader, Martin Luther, himself, held a livid hatred for Jewish religion. In his book,"On the Jews and their Lies," Luther set the standard for Jewish hatred in Protestant Germany up until World War II.

Benefits that are important to employees: A review of employee benefit programs Essay

When employees look for employment compensation is important. However, employee benefits programs can be the deciding factor when it comes down to decision making; accept or decline a job offer. Having a â€Å"good benefits package† is the most desired attributes in an employer and it attracts human talent (Conlin, 2008). Even the decision to stay with at an organization or to leave, the topic of employee benefits resurface. Human Resource Managers are tasked with the responsibility of administering the company’s benefit program. This includes keeping track of the benefits, giving the basic overview, managing enrollment period just to name a few which can be time consuming not to mention costly. Employers provide benefits to attract the best talent, to retain or incentivize employees for high performance, and because some benefits are required by the law (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). But employee benefits makes up a large part of administration cost in terms of payroll thu s creating an expense and major concern to the employer (SHRM, 2011). Employees want great benefits because of the security it provides by lowering their out of pocket expenses and preparing them for the unknown yet immediate future. A common theme, on both side of the spectrum for employer and employee is â€Å"expense† or â€Å"cost† and for that reason this research paper will evaluate what benefits are important to employees and what are employers doing about it; a review of employee benefit programs. Employee Benefits Program Available and HR There are many benefit programs available to the employee from the basics like healthcare, to benefits in form of employee service like prepaid law. However, a good and competitive benefit program aligns strategically with the goals and objective of the organization which may differ depending on  company. Additionally, the benefit program needs to cover the desires of the employee while meeting the demands of the law. Last, the benefit program must be managed properly to work and be cost effective. Human Resource intranet system (HRIS) allows the organizations to save money on administrative cost, empower the employee through self-service, relieves managers of time-consuming administrative work, and it’s an effective communication tools (Kumar &Pandya, 2012). Technology advances and globalization has made HRIS somewhat a standard in many but not all organizations. The word benefit has several meanings which many applies in terms of employee benefit program. Merriam-Webster defines benefits as an advantage; promoting well-being, it’s a financial help when sick, old or unemployment and as in health insurance as service or a right the employers provide in addition to wages or salary (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Organizations strategic plan for employee benefits considering today’s dynamic in the workforce, again may vary by industry. But some objectives that may be popular are improving employee work satisfaction, draw and influence employees, retain top-performing employees and maintain competitive edge (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). Benefit program offered by the employer should be decided by the employees needs while considering the organization’s objectives of meeting their goals thus fostering flexibility. Minimum Employee Benefits mandated by Law A required benefit implies that certain services must be done by law. There are two categories; mandated employer benefits and employer offered option compensation. Employee benefits that are required by law are social security, unemployment, workers’ compensation, and disability insurance (SBA.gov, 2012). These four benefits are forms of insurance therefore the employer can get group coverage for them at a premium. Social Security Insurance (SSI) permits the covered individual to have income security in event of loss earning such as retirement or disability (Socialsecurity.gov). Many of the millennials fear that by the time they retire there will be no social security; this adds to the importance of employees having good benefits (Conlin, 2008). If an employee is laid off, and paid into social security then the employee is eligible for up to 26 of unemployment benefits. Worker’s compensation is usually state mandated and can be private  or funding through the state i n case an employee is injured on the job (www.dol.gov, 2012). Disability insurance is only required in 5 states and Puerto Rico. Consolidated omnibus budget reconciliation act (COBRA), family and medical leave act (FMLA), and older workers benefit protection act (OWBPA) are acts in place by law under employee benefit. They are employer offered option compensation (www.dol.gov, 2012). Benefits Important to Employees and Cost Many of the benefits that are important to employees are optional such as healthcare, paid time off, retirement programs. Continuous rising cost of healthcare makes it the most important employee benefit to both employer and employee (Smerd, 2007). Annually, employers are spending $300 annually on health insurance for employees and their families with the numbers expected increase (Weatherly, 2004). Over the years health care cost increase due change in the law, Medicare, baby boomers causing a greater need for health, technological advances, elevated cost of malpractice insurance, prescription cost and misuse of health care services; just to name a few (Andrews,2004). The constant increase in cost and changes within healthcare legislation makes cost containment a priority in the HR department and the organization (SHRM, 2011). There are many cost containments companies are doing to lowering cost of healthcare such as reducing the benefits, including or increasing deduction and premi ums, adding copays, and coordination of benefits (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). In the last few years, health saving account (HSA), flexible saving account (FSA) are becoming more common and is a form of cost efficiently (Johnson, 2012). There is a growing interest in in HSA due to the low cost on CDHP plan with high deduction (Thomas, 2004). It’s important to note the 3 different medical delivery systems that aid in cost control and they are health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO) and consumer-driven health plan (CDHP). HMO’s regulators cost having the primary care physician (PCP) who coordinates the patients care within a close network and referrals are needed. PPO’s are a similarity however provides greater freedom and there is no referral need for specialist, nor do the patients have to choose a PCP. Consumer-driven health plan is newer than HMO’s and PPO’s and it pro’s and con’s. CDHP appears to work better with wellness programs and HAS because it a lifestyle  change in behavior to focus on health (Johnson, 2012). However it can hurt some that are medically vulnerable because CDHP have flexible accompanied with low premiums thus target low-income population who are usually the ones with chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease (Miller, 2011). 2014 is fast approaching which means health care reform is nearing its effective day and it will have an impact on employee benefits. Effects of the Affordable Care Act and Healthcare reform March 23, 2010 marks the affordable care act become law and on June 28, 2012 the supreme court decision rendered a final decision to uphold the health care law (Supremecourt.gov, 2012). There are 10 titles to the Affordable Care Act. The act gives individuals, families, and small business owners control over their health care, reduces premiums and provides tax relief to the middle class (Healthcare.gov, 2012). In terms of the medical and insurance industries, it caps out of pocket expenses, and requires preventive care to be covered without cost. The act allows those without insurance or those who can’t get insurance a change to be insured while keeping insurance companies transparent with its customers (Healthcare.gov, 2012). The effect of the affordable care act will start in 2014 therefore some organization are looking at how the health care reform will affect the upcoming benefit enrollment in 2013 (Spears, 2012). Cases on different business among many industries reveal th at healthcare reform may lead to reduce in cost, ensure healthcare benefits, restructure on existing employee benefits plan (Spears, 2012). The affordable care act changes may aid in lowering cost of healthcare overtime because it promotes preventive care and capping on the cost medical out-of-pocket ultimately allowing savings in several issues with in healthcare in general. For example, professional services cost for children health care in 2010 is a large portion of healthcare cost 40.3 % (Spears, 2012). The healthcare reform and affordable care act full impact is yet to come however it appears it will have some positive and negative affects depending on how one views it Paid Time off (PTO) Healthcare benefit has a direct effect on paid time off for example sick time. Paid time off is another important benefit to employees. It includes  paid vacation, holidays and sick time. A survey conducted in 2002 shows that 73% of employees was satisfied with the paid time off programs (Thomas, 2004). However, from the employer point of view, it’s delicate balance of cost and employee satisfaction because paid time off is an expense to the company. In effort to offset some of the cost, paid time off is being managed online through HRIS systems to save time and money. For example in 2006 it was reported by EBN quick poll that 59% of HR professional stated their company uses online tracking for paid time off such as absences (Shepherd, 2006). PTO is usually accrued with the employee seniority. But some industry trend setters are awarding PTO in lump sum and based on experience in the industry to attract human talent (Finch, 2011). Speaking of experience and seniority brings up the next employee benefits; life insurance and retirement programs. Employees work to support their families, care for love ones and themselves if ill, protect and secure their well-being and for these reasons retirement programs and life insurance is essential. Counting on just social security is not enough especially considering that millions of baby boomers are exiting the workforce and the cost of health cost. Therefore many employees utilize retirement benefits to supplement wages lost from no longer working. Baby Boomers were once the largest generation however millennials are expected to exceed baby boomers by 2016 (SHRM, 2011). Younger employees, known as millennials, are concerns that social security dead and gone well before retirement age is attained (Conlin, 2008). Employers and HR professional will have to be creative and think ahead to meet the objectives of the company. No one likes to talk about the unspeakable, death how ever employees think about love ones that maybe left behind therefore life insurance most be discussed. Life insurance is one of the oldest and most popular employee benefit (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). Life insurance is popular among employee benefits because some are unable to qualify or afford life insurance without the employer sponsoring it which many employers provide at no cost. Employers usually provide group term life insurance which has a nominal premium because of the amount of people insured. Implications for Managers Meeting employee needs and balancing cost while meeting the organization’s objectives and goals will always have some challenges. For HR managers to  overcome these challenges they should consider: Monitor and stay aware of trending topic in HR regarding employee benefits Evaluate current employee benefits annually to ensure its aligned with the business objectives and goals ïÆ' ¼Communicate regularly with employee on what benefits matter most as well as communicate changes early and frequent through the use of HRIS and other tools (Robbins, 2012) Use cost containment measures for offset the rising cost of health care such as CDHP with high deduction and HAS and promote healthier life choices/well-being programs Continue to keep the HR managers knowledgeable on changes in the law as it affects benefits Utilize technology such as HRIS and other online tools to lowering administrative cost Review pay structure frequently to use employee benefits as a device to negative pay and to stay competitive why attract and retain talent Employers and HR professional need to stride toward an equilibrium regarding employee benefit through flexibility and innovation both parties involve can have a successful outcome. References Andrews, S. (2008). Generic: The golden age of cost savings. Workspan, Bohlander, G., & Snell, S. (2010). Managing human resources . (15th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Westrn,Cengage Learning. Conlin, M. (2008, January 21). Youthquake. Business Week , Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-01-08/youthquake Dol.gov. (2012, October). Department of labor . Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/workcomp/index.htm Finch, C. (2011, July 16). Leveraging base pay, paid time off and incentives to develop a dexterous pay structure. Employee Benefits News, 25(9), 16. Healthcare.gov. (2012, October). Healthcare.gov . Retrieved from http://www.healthcare.gov/law/full/index.html Johnson, W. R. (2012). HSA programs for groups: Employer versus employee responsibilities. Benefits Quarterly, 28(3), 43-51. Kumar, M., & Pandya, S. (2012). Leveraging Technology towards HR Excellence. Information Management & Business Review, 4(4), 205-216. Merriam-Webster. (2012). Merriam-Webster, incorporated . Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benefit Miller, S. (2011). SHRM. Don’t Hurt the ‘Medically Vulnerable’, Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/hrdisciplines/benefits/articles/pages/medicallyvulnerale Robbins, M. (2012, September). Employers win gold for benefits communications. Employee Benefit News , 26(11), 30. SBA.gov. (2012, October). Required employee benefits . Retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/content/providing-employee-benefits Shepherd, L. C. (2006, July). A digital evolution for paid time off. Employee Benefit News , 20(9), 12. SHRM. (2011). The top workplace trends according to HR professionals. Society for Human Resource Management SHRM , Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/Research/FutureWorkplaceTrends/Documents/0014WPF_Posting_6.pdf Smerd, J. (2007, April 12). You can do anything but don’t mess with my health insurance . Retrieved from http://www.workforce.com/article/20070412/NEWS01/304129975/do-anything-but-dont-mess-with-my-health-insurance Socialsecurity.gov. (2012, October). Social security administration. Retrieved from http://www.socialsecurity.gov/planners/about.htm?p&gclid=CNrVk8vD9bICF Spears, V. P. (2012). Health care reform changes the landscape for upcoming benefits enrollment season. Employee Benefit Plan Review , 67(3), 23. Supremecourt.gov. (2012, October). Supreme court . Retrieved from http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf Thomas, T. (2008, November 08). Workers favor health care over pay raises: Ebri. National Underwriter Life & Health, Weatherly, L. (2004, September 01). the rising cost of health care: Strategic and societal considerations for employers. HR Magazine , 49(9), 1-10.

From A Basement on the Hill and School Life Essay

Farewell speech 1:- In this farewell speech I am not saying goodbye to the five years I have spent here, for in every facet of school life we have left a mark and each experience can return upon reflection These experiences compose the pages of our book of life. Tonight we, the authors of this book, are writing again. This graduation experience will become a part of it. If you re-read it some day, it will tell you of success. A success of symbolizing years of patience and encouragement on the part of our parents who have raised us, given us guidance in our quest for happiness and success; teachers who have helped us over this step in school life; our friends who are an essential part of your life. To the students in the auditorium now, I say this. Live your life to the fullest and get every ounce of worth out of it. High school life will now open new doors for you. You will meet new friends and learn to get along with people, to give and to take. You will belong to athletic teams and will learn sportsmanship, learn acceptance of victory and defeat. Scholastically, more demands will be made of you. You will learn to take responsibility. Make your years at high school full in every respect. You will never live these years again and there is so much to do. Prepare yourself now for the job to come or university life. Because there is more to learn, more people to meet, more demands. So very much is up to you. Don’t be discouraged by failure or disappointment. Failure is a challenge which we must all pick up and fight openly. In overcoming it, we add excitement and suspense to our story. By learning everything I can from this world and its people, by doing everything I can for this world and its people, in years to come I may find the answers, the strength, whatever I see, when I reread what I have written–what you have helped me to write. Tonight I believe that I have stated my preface, the reason for writing my book. If I have fulfilled my purpose, then I have said something that will merit some attention in the book you are writing The words of a song: The web of time entangles and enslaves Enjoy the world. Enjoy it while you may. Each moment that your heart is beating Time is passing, Time is fleeting Live your life. Live it every day. Farewell speech 2:- Farewell ’98 – Beware, It’s a Wide World Respected Principal Sir, Vice-Principal Sir, Teachers, and all my dear friends, including those who are graciously bunking. I looked around for farewell speeches but I couldn’t find any worthwhile so I wrote this myself which is why this won’t take long. We are gathered here, as most of us probably know, not only for the kachoris, but to bid a fond farewell to the students of Class XII who are leaving the esteemed establishment of the Kendriya VidyalayaSangathan, and venturing out into the real world. We don’t know what truths they will find out there, what experiences they will have and we can only shower them with our best wishes and words of encouragement. I’m not too good with words so I thought I’d make my message clearer with a few lines from a Maxi Priest song. I think it goes somewhat like this – â€Å"†¦ But if you want to leave, Take good care. Hope you find a lot of nice friends out there. Just remember there’s a lot of bad. Beware. It’s a wide world.† But most of us won’t have a problem there because we’ve spent a lot of our years in KV, where along with the regular ‘by the book’ education we are imparted with values. All through your school life you have probably been wondering what exactly the teacher’s were prattling on about but now that it’s time for you to leave your sheltered life and go out into the real world, now, you will realise the value of those words that our teachers painstakingly drone into us. And these moments of emotion will be the last that you’ll be spending in the shelter of our school. Within a month you’d have left the shelter of your cocooned school lives and all you ugly caterpillars will flutter off in various directions as beautiful butterflies into a world where you know not what awaits you. But through your lives you’ll always remember your days here, fondly I hope. And within those memories of friends, teachers and the muddle of pleasant and unpleasant experiences may you remember the lessons that this school and it’s dedicated staff of teachers have taught. And may those lessons guide you on your paths to realise the dreams you’ve set out to make true. Because no matter what you do, no matter where you go, all through your lives you’ll only be richer with the experiences and knowledge that you’ve gathered in your schooling lives. I’d just like to sign off with a line from a Bob Dylan number that really contain the essence of what I’ve been trying to say here. ‘Goodbye is too good a word, so I’ll just say fare-thee-well.’

Joyner Lucas “Frozen” Review Professor Ramos Blog

Joyner Lucas â€Å"Frozen† Review Melody Palma English 010 27 November 2018 Joyner Lucas presents us an important topic about driving safely in his video entitled ‘Frozen’. He brings up the most underrated and big issues that we have in our society today. Joyner Lucas is becoming one of the most well known artist’ because of the subjects he raps about in his songs. Throughout this video ‘Frozen’ he introduces us to a series of events that are highly common when driving unsafe. He gives us a different perspective on this type of situation by showing us in the guise of people in the video who have experienced it. Lucas does an amazing job introducing this situation with such a groundbreaking video, he has opened people eyes on the importance of driving safe, especially the younger generation of people who haven’t even begun to drive yet have already been impacted by severe issues of unsafe driving. Lucas begins this video ‘Frozen’ by saying, â€Å"Damn this is not alright, how the f*ck I end up on the other side of life† in the guise of a little girl While it shows the little girl dead on the street, who had been hit by a car because of someone texted and driving. While she is still laying on the floor she begins listing all the things she won’t get to experience in life saying â€Å"no more sleepovers ,or no more camping , no more kisses from my dad, cause I left and died, all because a stupid bitch wanted to text and drive†. When Joyner mentioned this in the little girls point of view it definitely dropped my jaw, it stops and makes and think to yourself, â€Å"Things like this happen everyday, and nobody is aware of how serious this is†.   Ã‚  In an article about being distracting while driving, mentions that, â€Å"it takes only 3 seconds after a drivers attention has been diverted from the road for a crash to occur†(King), with that being said it is very clear how significant it is to keep in mind that driving and texting is extremely dangerous. With such an explicit visual of the reality of dangerous driving, Joyner shows us how fatal driving unsafe can affect us. The second event that occurred in this video was of a woman who was involved in a collision with another car, in the beginning of this scene you see an empty bottle which looks as if it was an alcohol beverage. During this scene the woman makes a remark saying â€Å"No more baby in my belly, sad to say we died. All because you choose to drink and drive. Why?†, after she says this you can see that she was a pregnant innocent women who just happened to be in the car with a irresponsible intoxicated person. She talks about all of the things she will reminisce on, like spending holidays with her family and plans she had that she won’t be able to do anymore. This scene tiess into another of a man who is speed racing, this scene end s with his car crushed on top of him, he explains that although he loved the thrill of speed racing, he regrets not listening to his mom who always told him that it would get him killed. A recent report in early September of 2018 was made when 4 teenagers died, one whom was an expectant mother (8 months pregnant) and her fiancà © (the driver) who was speed racing with his 3 friends on the freeway in Moreno Valley (Bravo) .   Just to point out to you that All of these things that Joyner is speaking about happens on a daily basis, these people never expected that their lives would end so soon, this couple thought they were going to continue to live their lives and have a family together, but it all ended so soon for them with something that could’ve been prevented if they were aware of how unsafe they were being. With that being said, Joyner introduces us to a new perspective on this situation which can spread the word on the awareness of driving safely. The very last scene of this video is of the man, women, and the little girl who were all involved in the car accidents and the man seemed as if he had just woke up from a bad dream and as he looks side to side he sees that him and his family are all safe together. This scene makes you so surprised to think that these people are a family and it makes you think what if any of those things to happen to your family, it would be devastating really open your mindset on how big of a problem this actually is if it was one of our own family members. The emotion Joyner Lucas evokes within the video is so intense, the fact that many people can relate to this type of situation is surreal. From the graphic visuals to the heart breaking lyrics in which he uses the guise of the people who got into a car accident. From the very beginning of the video Joyner does not hesitate to start addressing the issue. All scenes are so distressing, it really gets to you because he gives us an explicit visual with lyrics describing all these things that these people won’t be able to do in life or experience anymore. It’s really stops and makes you think how realistic all of these things are, life is too short to put yourself at risk of ending it before you even know it. Nobody ever expects to get into a car accident, it’s happens when you least expect it. Furthermore, this is what Joyner Lucas expresses throughout this video, the significance of life and how this issue can easily be taken care of and prevented if we are more awa re of safe driving. It is truly heartbreaking to even think that things like this happen more often than we think, this video has helped spread the word on how serious this has gotten throughout so many years. Joyner does an amazing job with addressing this issue by using such blunt vocabulary, he doesn’t try to sugar coat anything, he says it how it really is, and that is honestly one of the beat characteristics of the video. The fact that Joyner could be straight up about how a this issue in society has gotten is jaw dropping, since things like this does happen everyday many people try to find excuses as to why these things happen. For example, the little girl in the beginning of the video who had got hit by a women texting and driving, would say â€Å"the women driving didn’t see the little girl†, well of course she didn’t because her eyes were off the road. People put themselves in these extremely life risking situations and don’t even know how risky it is until it happens to them. Throughout the entire video it’s as if you can feel the pain that these people are going through, Joyner Lucas speaks with an intense voice, to give us that feel of their perspective. Overall Joyner Lucas’s video ‘Frozen’ is honestly a 5 star video, given that it shows us the audience the importance of driving safely. Joyner Lucas brings up a topic that people don’t really think is that serious. Everyday people drink, text, speed drive and think it’s is normal because they are used to it seeing others do it or they probably even do it themselves. Many   start to get comfortable doing these things thinking that nothing will happen to them because they do it all the time, In this video Joyner let’s us know to stay woke at all times, it is always dangerous even if you think just because you do these things all the time doesn’t make it ok. All the scenes within the video that Joyner Lucas gives us are a perfect presentation on how negative and life changing it can be for a person to even put themselves and others in danger for doing something that can be stopped. Joyner’s intentions are successful within this vi deo, he introduces us to an issue which isn’t given the right amount attention and used social media in order to spread the word and make people more aware.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bravo. Kristina. Pregnant 20-Year-Old Among 4 People Killed In Moreno Valley Crash, Family Says. KTL, 2018. https://www.google.com/amp/s/ktla.com/2018/09/01/pregnant-20-year-old-among-4-people-killed-in-moreno-valley-crash-family-says/amp/ King, Elizabeth. Top 15 Causes Of Car Accidents And How You Can Prevent Them. Huff Post Company, 2016. Web. 26 November   2018. https://www.google.com/amp/s/m.huffpost.com/us/entry/11722196/amp Lucas, Joyner. 01 April 2018. Frozen. Acc. 24 November 2018. https://youtu.be/2_Jvmt0vU4s McDonald.Young Driver Research Program: A review of information on young driver performance characteristics and capacities. Mar 2014   Ã‚  www.monash.edu.au/miri/research/reports/atsb129.pdf.

Kangaroo Word Definition and Examples in English

Kangaroo Word Definition and Examples in English Kangaroo word is a playful term for a word that carries within it a synonym of itselfsuch as regulate (rule), indolent (idle), and encourage (urge). Also known as a  marsupial or swallow word. Its generally believed that the synonym (called a joey) should be the same part of speech as the kangaroo word and its letters should appear in order. The term kangaroo word was popularized by author Ben ODell in a short article in The American Magazine, 1956. Examples and Observations Why do we call them kangaroo words? Not because they originated in Australia. Rather, these are marsupial words that carry smaller versions of themselves within their spellings. So respite has rest, splotch has spot, instructor has tutor, and curtail has cut. Sometimes a kangaroo word has more than one joey. The word feasted has a triplet, fed, eat, and ate. Finally, two qualifications: the joey word has to have its letters in order within the parent kangaroo word, but if all the letters are adjacent, for example, enjoy/joy, it doesnt qualify.(Anu Garg, Another Word a Day. Wiley, 2005)destruction (ruin)devilish (evil)masculine (male)observe (see)plagiarist (liar)rambunctious (raucous)supervisor (superior)Among the kangaroo words that yield the most joviality and joy are those that conceal multiple joeys. Lets now perambulate, ramble, and amble through an exhibit of this species. Open up a container and you get a can and a tin. When you have feasted, you ate and have fed. When you det eriorate, you rot and die. A routine is both rote and a rut. Brooding inside loneliness are both loss and oneness.A chariot is a car and a cart. A charitable foundation is both a fund and a font. Within the boundaries of a municipality reside city and unity, while a community includes county and city.(Richard Lederer, The Word Circus: A Letter-Perfect Book. Merriam-Webster, 1997) Anti-Kangaroo Words ANTI-KANGAROO WORD: n. in recreational linguistics, a word that contains its antonym. The word covert is an anti-kangaroo word because it contains overt.(Rod L. Evans, Thingamajigs and Whatchamacallits: Unfamiliar Terms for Familiar Things. Perigee, 2011)

Organic Compound Names and Formulas Starting with E

Organic Compound Names and Formulas Starting with E This is a list of organic compound names and formulas with names starting with the letter E. Eburnamenine - C19H22N2Ecstasy (MDMA or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) - C11H15NO2EDTA (Ethylenediamine-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid) - C10H16N2O8Eicosane - C20H42Emetan- C25H32N2Encainide - C22H28N2O2Endosulfan - C9H6Cl6O3SEndrin - C12H8Cl6OEosin B - C20H8Br2N2O9Eosin Y - C20H8Br4O5Ephedrine - C10H15NOEpibromohydrin - C3H5BrOEpinephrine (Adrenaline) - C9H13NO3Ergoline - C14H16NErgotaman - C25H33N5OErgotamine - C33H35N5O5Erucic acid - C22H42OErythrinan - C16H21NErythritol - C4H10O4Esarine - C15H21N3O2Estradiol (estrogen) - C18H24O2Estriol (estrogen) - C18H24O3Estrone (estrogen) - C18H22O2Ethacridine lactate - C18H21N3O4Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) - C2H4OEthane - C2H6Ethane (ball and stick) - C2H6ethane (space-filling model) - C2H6Ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid) - C2H2O41,2-Ethanedithiol - C2H6S2Ethaneperoxoic acid - C2H4O3Ethanoic Acid (Acetic Acid) - C2H4O2Ethanol - C2H6OEthanol (space filling model) - C2H6OEthene - C2H4Ethene (ball and stick model) - C2H4Ethenone - C2H2OEthidium bromide - C2 1H20BrN3Ethyl acetate - C4H8O2Ethyl alcohol - C2H6OEthyl aldehyde - C2H4OEthenyl functional group - C2H3-Ethylamine - C2H7NEthyl 4-aminobenzoate (Benzocaine) - C9H11NO2Ethylbenzene - C8H10Ethyl carbamate - C3H7O2Ethyl chloride - C2H5ClEthylene - C2H4Ethylene dichloride (EDC) - C2H4Cl2Ethylene oxide - C2H4OEthyl formate - C3H6O2Ethyl functional group - C2H5Ethylene glycol - C2H6O2Ethyl glyoxylate - C4H6O32-Ethyl-1-hexanol - C8H18OEthyl hydride - C2H6Ethyl hydride (space-filling model) - C2H6ethyl mandelateEthyl 3-oxohexanoate - C8H14O3Ethyl propiolate - C5H6O2ethyne - C2H2Ethynol - C2H2OEtorphine - C25H33NO4Eugenol - C10H12O2

Social Equity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Equity - Assignment Example This was not a problem, except that each time the tests were conducted, results tended to be that white candidates out-performed other minority groups. This trend had sparked an outcry from citizens who construed the outcomes to be possible acts of discrimination. It the confrontation that had ensued, white Hispanics who believed they has passed the exams entered into a legal suit against the City that the results were engineered to discriminate them against the provisions of the constitution (Woods Jr and Gutzman, 2009). The District Court had initially granted summary judgment to the case and the second circuit had affirmed. In determination of the appeal, the court ad observed that Title IV prohibits any acts of employment discrimination on the basis of color, sex, race, religion or national origin under what it interpreted as disparate treatment. The court had also elaborated that other forms of employment discrimination practices include discriminative policies or any practice that succeeds in discriminating, whether intended to be so or acts so by default especially on minorities. Disparate treatment is the discriminatory act in which an employer treats other employees as lesser beings with regard to workplace dynamics (Supreme Court of the United States, 2009). The court had also observed that once a plaintiff has established a prima facie case of disparate act, then it is the duty of the employer has the burden to prove to the court that the position in question and procedures for acquisition are consistent with the necessity of the specific business in question. The court also recognized that in rare circumstances, when an employer takes an intentional course of action that directly discriminates on the basis of taking a precaution to avoid or remedying unintentional disparate impact, even then the employer must have a strong

The Role of the Colonies in the British Mercantilist System Essay - 1

The Role of the Colonies in the British Mercantilist System - Essay Example With King James II, British colonies turned into a source of profit and power for the British Empire. King James II attempted to create a centrally managed Atlantic Empire (Henretta & Brody 93). Though the Glorious Revolution weakened royal grip on power, King James II put forth the foundations of mercantilism, such as the need to expand economically in order to be a glorious empire. British colonies thus served to improve British economic status among other monarchies and independent states and towns in Europe. Mercantilism was a policy promoting self sufficiency among countries of the day (Nettels 105). According to Nettels, â€Å"[t]he policy aimed to gain for the nation a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially as regards food supply, raw materials needed for essential industries, and the sinews of war† (105). With this goal in mind, the British aristocracy pursued colonies which could produce sugar, tobacco and other food products. In exchange, they were r equired to buy English manufactured goods, or use the English merchants as intermediaries (Henretta & Brody 69). This practice was prescribed by the Staple Act of 1663, according to which colonial planters bought most of the needed manufactured goods from England (Nettels 109). England prohibited trade with other European countries, as it could not impose favorable terms of trade (Nettels 105). English government designed laws that would keep colonies dependent upon English economy (108).  

Statistical Quality Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistical Quality Control - Essay Example If one or more observations lie outside the control limits of the chart, the process is out of control. However, a process can be out of control even if all samples fall within the upper and lower control limits. A process can be out of control but may still fall within limits due to a false specification of limits. In such a scenario, the management will get an idea that the process is in control while actually it is out of control. This can be reduced by regular review of control limits. A process can be out of control but it may not be able to interpret the same from the control charts. The process may actually be following certain trend which is depicted in a better fashion by Run charts. The idea here is that there should not be too few or too many runs in a process. Run implies a series of observations on the same side of the centre line. The observations may lie within control limits but actually follow a zig-zag pattern (NHS). It is also possible that there may be a seasonality effect in the observations which has no explanation. Also, one or two observations may be quite distinct from others are can easily be identified to understand the fault in a process. In a real life scenario in a factory production line, it is possible that if the process variation is measured it is within limits. But if a day is broken into several hours and studied, possible trends are observed. These may be due to nature of working of machine at various times of the day, impact of wear and tear during the day, difference in the accuracy of tasks done by various workers, difference in availability of facilities such as light during various hours and so on. An experiment was conducted in a factory for two days to find out whether the process was in control. On the first day, it was noticed that during various hours in the day, the observations were within control limits. On the second day, when the process was studied after breaking the day

Characters of Dexter and Missie May Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Characters of Dexter and Missie May - Essay Example The characters Dexter and Missie May Banks have been presented with memorable roles in developing the stories in Winter Dreams, and The Gilded Six-Bite respectively to achieve the themes within the stories. Winter Dreams as written by Scott Fitzgerald has been based on the events that affect the leading character Dexter Green as presented by the girl in his life. Although his background fails to meet the standards presented in the story, Dexter depicts the desire to meet satisfaction from material wealth. His definition of a perfect life had been inhabited by wealth, money and comfort in the arms of Judy Jones. Judy becomes the key to reveal Dexter’s potential as she advocates for him to be successful. The leading themes in power, beauty and success are represented through the leading character when Dexter desires the luxurious lifestyle. Dexter’s Character Dexter is hardworking, and we are told of the role that he features to be a caddie in the search for money (Fitzge rald). He had further sough to gain success ad wealth when he had declined his position as a caddie to join the ranks of the wealthy class. Dexter strives to lead a more flourishing lifestyle and he demonstrates the fete through joining the Eastern University. The more enthusiastic Dexter proves to be enterprising and ambitious. This is more evident when he borrows money to invest in the laundry hustle that made him borrow $1,000. Dexter’s ability to seek the determination needed to acquire wealth saw him become a leading entrepreneur at the young age of 27. Dexter presents the image required to reflect him as a hard worker and an individual who requires progress. He rises from his neighborhood in Keeble to become a prominent personality within the community. Dexter toils to rise the ranks into a group that holds more wealth within the society and differentiates from the class that had been created by the failure within the society to offer a counter measure. The winter dream s theme had been created to be based on the expectations needed by the young Dexter who works as a caddie and dreams of playing with the established personalities. He further improves his relationship with Judy after acquiring the wealth required to accord a complete life. However, the satisfaction that he presents in Judy is not fully presented because he loses interest as her beauty fades. He is depicted as an inconsiderate character after leaving her first wife Irene for Judy. Dexter places most effort on the image he relays towards the society as he values the wealth and power that he had worked hard to acquire. â€Å"The Gilded Six-Bite† by Zora Neal Hurston is written to delve on the theme of love betrayal and the desire to reconcile with those that share love. The story set in Eatonville depicts Missie May who is eager to impress her new husband Joe. However, their relationship is threatened by, the new wealthy, personality in Otis Slemmons. Joe brags of the wealth tha t Slemmons holds and acknowledges the power presented in the wealth realized in Slemmons but acknowledges that the power he holds is in his beautiful Missie. These fantasies push Missie to the arms of Slemmons who seizes the opportunity to lay with her in exchange for a gold coin. Although these events lead to tension between the couple, Joe forgives his wife, and they reconcile their differences (Hurston 53). Missie May’

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Business law - Essay Example The statutes are significant because they provide flexibility to the written constitution of a country and empower the government to introduce legislations to effectively meet the challenges of the evolving time. There are two types of statute: General Public acts which are applicable to people across the board; and Private acts which are confined to particular place, organization or group of individuals. In the contemporary times, decentralization of power has become necessary for effective administration. Therefore, the parliament often empowers local government and agencies to introduce rules appropriate or suited to particular set of local conditions. This is generally made possible through ‘enabling’ Acts of the Parliament. These Acts of Parliament create a broad framework of reforms for the local bodies to enact their own rules, best suited for the local conditions. The rules enacted through such delegation of powers to the local bodies are known as ‘Statutory Instruments’. The Statutory instruments can be challenged by the Parliament or even repealed if not found reasonable. The parliament has the overall control over the Statutory Instruments. The legal rules, which are made by judges on the basis of doctrines that have been in existence for more than 700 years, come under the precincts of ‘Common Laws’ (LLS1). These laws are neither enacted in the parliament nor were made by the delegated legislation of the local authorities but primarily developed over a period of time and adopted by the judges as such from the statements of principles from the earlier court cases. These common laws have justified their existence by successfully facilitating resolution of disputes in the areas that have seen maximum conflicts of interests in the life of the general public. Though common laws can be seen in almost all areas of

How best can transportation facilities be improved in Namibia,a Dissertation

How best can transportation facilities be improved in Namibia,a country of only 2million people - Dissertation Example The main objective of this study is to do a critical analysis of how a non performing transport sector affects the economy; understanding the challenges facing the different transport sectors by providing the necessary policy recommendations; outlining of other possible contributing factors; and, finally trying to find both long and short term solutions available to the sectors relative to the specific transportation challenges. There is not much research done in this area in the past which is the basic reason for my conducting this research. Background Namibia, then called South West Africa, became a German colony in the 1880’s. After the defeat of Germany in the First World War, the mandate to rule the territory was handed to South Africa, which by implication brought apartheid in Namibia. In 1990, Namibia gained its independence, after a brutal war of Independence from South Africa. Since independence, Namibia has been looking into increasing its exports in terms of its nat ural resources and products on the international front and it has advanced in this aspect. However, the biggest challenges hampering effectiveness of increased trade lies more towards the logistics aspect and the management of its respective SOEs. Namibia’s geographical position and transport infrastructure is such that it has become a transit country for Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia, which are its bordering and surrounding countries. These countries carry out export and import business across overseas countries through Namibian maritime transport. Other coastal countries and regions to which Namibia provides its transport facilities for business purposes include the region of Gauteng in South Africa; the Kunene and Cuando provinces in Angola; the Katanga province and Lubumbashi town in Congo. Due to this fact, these challenges are hampering the performance of the transport sector, and the fact that the services are spiraling down it does not really help the situation. Accor ding to Bernan (p.80), â€Å"Namibia considers the development of transit transport as contributing to the overall economic development of the country† and due to this fact, the government of Namibia has invested tremendously in the maintenance of its transit transport infrastructure. Currently, Namibian transport sector faces challenges related to the â€Å"expansion, modernization, upgrading and maintenance of road, rail, air and maritime transport facilities†, affirms the National Planning Commission, Namibia (2004, p.478). Bernan (p.81) suggests that the railway should be extended into Botswana all the way to South Africa because the railway infrastructure is still limited to only a few hundred kilometers near the border of Botswana somewhere between Walvis Bay and Gobabis. The major challenges that Namibian transit transport faces is financing and managing the infrastructure, and harmonization of vehicle dimensions, overload control, custom procedures and user cha rges for transit transport. Namibia transport is also expensive and one of the biggest challenges is that the resources of the country are not ample enough to finance transport facilities. This study aims to find solutions to these challenges which could help lead to the proper solution implementations requiring less national budget going wasted in struggling rather than using it for national development purposes since a revived economy is vital to the future of the country. Research

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Business law - Essay Example The statutes are significant because they provide flexibility to the written constitution of a country and empower the government to introduce legislations to effectively meet the challenges of the evolving time. There are two types of statute: General Public acts which are applicable to people across the board; and Private acts which are confined to particular place, organization or group of individuals. In the contemporary times, decentralization of power has become necessary for effective administration. Therefore, the parliament often empowers local government and agencies to introduce rules appropriate or suited to particular set of local conditions. This is generally made possible through ‘enabling’ Acts of the Parliament. These Acts of Parliament create a broad framework of reforms for the local bodies to enact their own rules, best suited for the local conditions. The rules enacted through such delegation of powers to the local bodies are known as ‘Statutory Instruments’. The Statutory instruments can be challenged by the Parliament or even repealed if not found reasonable. The parliament has the overall control over the Statutory Instruments. The legal rules, which are made by judges on the basis of doctrines that have been in existence for more than 700 years, come under the precincts of ‘Common Laws’ (LLS1). These laws are neither enacted in the parliament nor were made by the delegated legislation of the local authorities but primarily developed over a period of time and adopted by the judges as such from the statements of principles from the earlier court cases. These common laws have justified their existence by successfully facilitating resolution of disputes in the areas that have seen maximum conflicts of interests in the life of the general public. Though common laws can be seen in almost all areas of

Organizations are Beyond Budgets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organizations are Beyond Budgets - Assignment Example A survey of European enterprises conducted by Boeson (2000) showed managers agreeing that their planning and budgeting processes were inefficient and ineffective in controlling financial resources. Several respondents believed the budgeting process resulted to small benefits relative to the large amounts of resources at their disposal. This led to firms changing the budgeting process or abandoning it all together. Controllers think of new ideas such as balanced scorecards, operational performance measurement, and investment risk portfolios and so forth. These aspects make the budgetary processes complex and make business management a complex process. This complexity is evident in the fixed, costly, detailed, and unnecessary annual budgets of organizations. The changing business environment created by computers and standardized software has a lot of information that makes managers overburdened with the business processes. According to Cokins (2001) current managers are less informed a bout the company’s operations than managers operating 30 years ago. The beyond budgeting concept has been introduced in several organizations as a replacement for the traditional budget-making process. One significant contributor to this shift is the transition in the internal processes that have shifted from the seller’s market in the industrial period to the buyer’s market of the high-tech age (Welch and Byrne, 2003). Organizational processes involving purchase, production, and sales involving division of labor in the industrial age have shifted to processing chains that link supplies to customers. The linear relationships between input and output have led to dynamic customer-oriented business combinations facilitated by technological inventions. This has limited the applicability of traditional budgets in the high-tech age since they are products of the industrial society. Post-industrial business managers require controlling instruments that are flexible so as to compete in the dynamic business environment. The concept of Beyond Budgeting focuses on greater flexibility in the transition of transitional management model of production and sales to a model of market preview and production. The new model of management is based on customer demand. Self-optimization in the new financial management model is attainable by decentralizing responsibility and decision making to empowered and motivated employees. The budgeting process was based on a hierarchical management system that relied on decisions from top management levels. In this regard, executives used the budget as a foundation for outmoded and fixed performance in the organization (Boeson, 2002). The performance of an organization was gauged by budgetary allocations and stipulations achieved within a specified time. This made managers and employees do anything to reach budget goals (Jensen, 2001).

The Social Differences of the Afghanistan People Essay Example for Free

The Social Differences of the Afghanistan People Essay In Afghanistan, there are many ethnic groups among whom segregation exists. Imagine being a part of one that’s really looked down upon. The life of that person would be so cruel that nobody would be able to even imagine the misery and the pain that they have to endure. Afghanistan is a country with immense diversity due to the different ethnic groups that it has had for a very long time. Despite living in the same country for hundreds of years, they have their own ways of living and what’s interesting is that there is discrimination among them due to the social class differences that exits in the Afghanistan society today. In the novel The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseni shows through the character of Amir, Hassan and Baba that the social differences of the ethnicities (Pashtuns and Hazaras) have made huge differences in their lives and has also led to the fading away of the moral codes that have been honored in their society for a long period of time. A major factor that makes up society is the environment. It contributes a lot to what the society turns out to be and how it’s seen. The Afghan society is a big impact to the way Amir saw the world. As he grew up in Kabul, Afghanistan, he realized that all the people aren’t considered to be the same. At least that’s had the society had him thinking. Having grown up as the son of a highly respected Pashtun is considered a blessing. But Amir who spends time with Hassan who is a Hazara had a huge affect on his life. Pashtuns are socially considered to be nobility whereas Hazaras are like the peasants. For example, Amir’s public behavior and relation with Hassan was unacceptable and that always had him confused. The two of them were very close but there was always something getting in between that. When Amir says, â€Å"Never mind any of those things. Because history isn’t easy to overcome. Neither is religion. In the end, I was a Pashtun and he was a Hazara, I was a Sunni and he was a Shi’a, and nothing was ever going to change that. Nothing. † (Hossenini 24). Even though Amir had a brotherly relationship with Hassan, it just wasn’t that strong because he was afraid of the way he would be look upon by the others in the community. It becomes a part of his life that he can’t avoid. One of the things that stands in between the unity of all and any kind of people is the discrimination. All it ever does is cause conflicts and makes lives miserable. For example the discrimination of the African-Americans in the 1960’s. Sadly, even today, it is adapted and exists in many regions of the world. Afghanistan happens to be one of them. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini does a good job of strongly showing how a Hazara’s life can be affected in Afghanistan since they are considered to be a low ranking ethnic group. In Afghanistan society, Hazrara’s were not respected. Assef was an example of someone who agreed with this. He represented the evil in the novel, as for Hassan represented loyalty and innocence. However, since Hassan was a Hazara, his whole life wasn’t easy because he always cared so much for Amir, but in return he only got hurt and humiliated. In the novel Assef, Kamal and Wali trapped Hassan in an alley. â€Å"Assef unzipped his jeans. Dropped his underwear and he positioned himself behind Hassan,† (Hosseini 75). This shows that Hassan cared for Amir liked nobody else. He would do anything for him but the fact that he was a Hazara and this incident happened, it changed their lives forever. The lives of these two boys separated because of their social differences. It shows how the social class difference can lead to such horrible things such as separation from the ones they loved. The Afghanistan society’s social class differences really changes the way that some people live their lives because when there are people divided into different levels in a society and it has been a tradition and they are required to follow it. Afghanistan is a good example of this, especially the way Khaled Hosseni portrayed it in the novel. Baba was not just rich, but also a very well known man in Kabul, He was someone strong and truly dedicated to contributing to the good of his society. He was quite known for all the good deeds he did in his life, but the novel also views how he didn’t quite live his life respecting all the moral rules. According to the Pashtunwali, the family unit much be glorified under a sacred conviction of responsibility and duty for respect of all the members (Ronna). This is one of the rules that he does not follow and this is found out when Rahim Khan calls Amir over to Pakistan and says to him, â€Å"Baba and Sanubar had Hassan† (Hossieni 222). Baba had kept his secret his whole life and it hurts him to not call Hassan his son. However, it also affected Amir because he never knew about his own brother and had pushed him away from his life when they were young. In order to keep his dignity, he lived a life of a huge life, which always made him suffer. The fact that he was ashamed of letting everyone know the truth was because she was a Hazara and he was a Pashtun. Being someone from a different ethnicity was the problem and that clung to them for their whole lives. Because of the way that Hazaras are looked upon in the society, Baba was not able to tell anyone the truth about Hassan and it always bothered him. Amir wasn’t able to tell what was right and what was wrong because of what the society had taught him and Hassan was deeply hurt as problems between him and Amir started to rise. All of these conflicts happened due to one reason, the social differences between the Pashtuns and the Hazaras. The way that their society works has completely changed the lives of many people as it shown in The Kite Runner. Works Cited Tourism, SAARC. â€Å"Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan† Afghanistan Ethnic Groups, Tribes of Afghanistan. [emailprotected] SAARC Tourism. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Ildenfoso, Catia, Psithurism, and Anacl â€Å"For You a Thousand Times Over. † Pashtuns and Hazaras. Blogspot. com, Apr. 2008 Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Ronna, Afghan. â€Å"Pashtunwali† The Codes of Pashtunwali. [emailprotected] Ronna. Web 3 Apr. 2012.

The Evolutionary Aspects Of Fear Psychology Essay

The Evolutionary Aspects Of Fear Psychology Essay This paper presents an exclusive discussion of what is known about the biological basis of fear. In presenting this discussion, the paper shall explore the main concepts relating to the biology behind fear in humans with the main ideas being the definition of fear, the evolutionary aspects of fear, as well as the emotional response of the brain in the event of fear or anxiety. The paper shall also present an analysis that seeks to establish fear and anxiety as identical rather than two contrasting concepts as believed by many. In the discussion on the biological basis of fear, the study shall include biological evidence relating to the specific parts of the human brain that respond and react to fear. Introduction It is interesting how humans respond to fear, especially the bodily changes that take place in the event of an activity or something that triggers fear. Humans respond to fear in different ways, and their bodies react to unexpected situations of fear almost instantly. In response to fear, human bodies exhibit increased arousal, autonomic and neuroendocrinal activation and immediate expectancy among other spontaneous reactions. It is even surprising that fear triggers some emotional reaction in humans based on recent studies by psychologists. An interesting revelation according to empirical studies on emotions under the field of biology point to the fact that emotions are not just feelings as evolutionary studies would want us to believe. Emotions in human beings are accompanied by physiological and behavioural variations (Davidson, 2000). A widely accepted perception of emotions today touches on the fundamental ideology that humans experience emotions in three different but interrela ted levels: the behavioural level, the neurophysiological level and the psychological or metal level. Based on inference that emotions have a close relation to fear in terms of the mental or psychological state, it is possible to use such information to build upon the biological basis of fear (Walker, 2002). The consequence of predisposing factors that trigger emotions also tend to instil fear in human beings and this paper shall seek to unravel the biological basis of fear in terms of psychological and behavioural responses relating to biology. What is fear? Fear is a motivational state triggered by specific stimuli that result in or escape defensive behaviour. Enthologists believe that fear is an unpleasant emotion that comes about as a result of the perception that somebody or something dangerous is likely to happen. This unpleasant emotion triggers a form of defence mechanism that results in escape or counter behaviours. In terms of biology, a couple of neuoroendocrinal activations that are usually automatic mostly typify fear. This is essential in explaining the sudden escape of a person at the sight of a scary animal that triggers immediate activations in the brain (Strongman, 1996). This effective defence mechanism triggered by a stimulus instils fear. In this context, such instantaneous reactions to fear facilitate coping mechanisms used by the body to respond to cases of fear. The evolutionary aspects of fear The evolutionary aspects of fear mainly relate to emotional responses. Fear is a factor of de-escalating tactic interceded by the emotional (paleomammalian) part of the fore brain. As man and other animals evolved millions of years ago, they adapted differently to fear. During the evolutionary period, diverse types of fear characterized the universe and were responded to by animals and humans in dissimilar ways. Scientists conclude that the adaptations developed by humans during this period explain the response and reactions of humans towards fear (Strongman, 1996). However, a couple of fear such as the fear of height is common to all mammals because of the adaptations developed during the Mesozoic era. The fear of snakes and other dangerous reptiles came into existence during the Cenozoic era and is common to all higher primates including humans and apes. However, others such as the fear of insects and mice developed in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods are unique to humans. Dur ing these periods, insects and mice became popular carriers of dangerous infections and diseases, which resulted in different adaptive measures by humans. Such fears are still common today (Iijima, et al., 1996). The emotional brain The emotional aspect of the brain occurs at three levels: the behavioural level, the neurophysiological level and the psychological or metal level. Theories of emotion touching on the brain reveal that bodily changes tend to follow directly the perception of existing facts and human feelings of the same changes according to the occurrence of the emotion. In other words, the stimulus that reaches the cerebral cortex part of the brain provokes intuitive changes, which are perceived as emotions. Other studies have advanced that the thalamus is greatly involved in the neuropsychological matter of the brain because such matters are subcortical in nature. A biological explanation on the emotional brain is that a stimulus from the environment triggers the thalamus, which transmits information from to the viscera and cortex, and back again to the cortex to engender an emotional state (Gray McNaughton, 2000). Specific parts of the brain that work together to trigger reactions to fear stimuli Amygdala The amygdala is part of the brain structure where a majority of neurobiological events related to fear occurs. It is located just behind the pituitary gland and respond in different ways to fear stimuli. Any fear stimulus activates the Amygdala to secrete a series of hormones that immediately influence aggression and fear (Vianna, 2003). As the process of secreting such hormones into the body begins, the Amygdala prompts the body into a state of awareness and alertness, which trigger instant response from other muscles in the legs and hand to get ready for take-off or a fight. As the essential component of the limbic system, the amygdala is critical in preparing the body to respond or react to fear by secreting hormones at the trigger of a fear stimulus (Borod, 2000). It integrates rapid and direct thalamic inputs that transmit a fear stimulus and imitates a cognitive process that prepares the body to respond or react to the threat. Hippocampus The hippocampus is touted as the central structure in the brain that engages in processing contextual information necessary to fear conditioning. Situated just next to the amygdala and connected to it by the subiculum and entorhinal cortex, the hippocampusà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s main functions is to condition fear into contextual information. The hippocampus conditions fear in circumstances that involve complex polymodal events by receiving impulses from the amygdala and integrating such impulses with prior information to ignite meaningful reactions that respond to fear (Davidson, 2000). Hypothalamus The hypothalamus plays a crucial role as far as fear response is concerned. It is responsible for controlling stress reactions and other body processes including emotions and moods. Through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HTPA axis), the hypothalamus controls the limbic, pituitary, adrenal and genadotropic aspects of the body. A fear stimulus sends LC (locus ceruleus) neurons to the hypothalamus, which activates the HTPA axis that triggers the stress response linked to fear (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000). The connection between the hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala act to activate the HTPA axis to respond to a fear stimulus. The hypothalamus receives sensory information from the lateral part of the amygdala, processes the information and relays to the central nucleus, which then projects it to various parts of the brain that respond and react to fear. Fear stimulus impulses relayed by various neurons activate the sympathetic nervous system, as well as the modulating syst em of the HTPA axis. This triggers a run or attack response, better known as a fight or flight response mechanism (Hyman, et al., 1999). Sensory cortex The sensory cortex is an essential component of the fear response mechanism. Immediate sensory data from fear stimulus collects in the thalamus part of the brain. After the collection of the sensory data, the sensory cortex obtains the data from the thalamus, interprets it and organizes the sensory data for dissemination to the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus (Hirsh, 2004). Thalamus The thalamus also plays a critical role in fear response. The thalamus basically acts as a collection center, which gathers and collects information from essential sensory organs such as the ears, eyes and mouth. After collecting the sensory information from such organs, the thalamus has the capacity to determine where to send such information for processing. A fear stimulus from the eyes, hands or mouth sends sensory information through neurons to the thalamus, which collects and sends the information to the appropriate response organs for processing (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000). Fear conditioning explains the behavioural archetype displayed by organisms and their capacity to learn to respond to or predict fearful or threatening events. Fear conditioning explains why some people fear dogs to the extent that they become helpless at the sight of this à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“monsterà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. It is believed to depend upon the amygdala and the hippocampus in cases of contextual fear conditioning. Fear conditioning also explains the neurobiology of fear because touches on the essential components of the brain including the thalamus, the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, the amygdala and the sensory cortex (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000). Latest research findings point to the fact that researchers are beginning to develop interest on the neurological processes that trigger fear response mechanisms. Conclusion The biological basis of fear can be explained by the evolutionary concepts of anxiety and emotions and adaptations of human beings to different stimuli. However, empirical research findings have established a basis for explaining the biology of fear through the human mind the structures such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus and the sensory cortex. The outcome of predisposing factors that trigger emotions tend to instill fear in human beings as discussed in this paper. The biological basis of fear in terms of psychological and behavioural responses relates to emotion and anxiety, which is an advanced form of fear. Further research should be directed to the neurochemical processes that occur in the brain and the chemical components involved in response to fear.

Bretton Woods vs. Protest †Which is More Effective in the Fight Agains

Bretton Woods vs. Protest – Which is More Effective in the Fight Against Global Injustice? The highlight of the anti-globalization movements came in 1999, when protesters lined the streets of Seattle, the location of a meeting of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A theme had been building, and it seemed to come to a head at Seattle: wherever the WTO, International Monetary Fund (IMF), or World Bank met, protesters would follow. However, things were not all peaceful, loving, and in the best interest of humanity. Things soon turned ugly, as the streets became filled with smashed windows, overturned dumpsters, and violence in general. Granted, it very well could have been an out-of-control few who ruined the reputation of all, or, for the conspiracy theorists, it could have been corporate plants stuck in the crowd to stir up trouble. Nevertheless, the message from the protesters had gotten across to the general public, but it wasn’t the message they wanted to portray. The side that the public saw was the lawless one. Perhaps the whole format they use - s ticking their head out for a few days (with trouble happening during that short while) and then fading back into cyber space – inevitably leads to a bad reputation (Meadows Internet). The fact of the matter is that an assembly of such a wide variety of outspoken opinions, often times conflicting, is expected to cause trouble. This makes it extremely difficult for protesters to separate themselves from the label of being a group of ‘irresponsible terrorists’ (Internet). With this setup in place, the protesters to date have failed to have a significant influence. Despite their lack of success to date, the question as to whether or not they have the potent... ... Animal Issue: The Big Mac.† Ethics into Action. Lanham: Rowman, 1998. np. Top 10 Reasons to Oppose the Word Trade Organization. 14 Nov. 2001. Global Exchange. 08 Dec. 2002. Turner, Terence. â€Å"Indigenous Rights, Environmental Protection and the Struggle over Forest Resources in the Amazon: The Case of the Brazilian Kayapo.† MAX 132 Global Community Reader (2002): 1-18. What is the World Bank? Oct. 2001. World Bank Group. 08 Dec. 2002 What’s Wrong With the Body Shop?: A Criticism of Green Consumerism. McSpotlight: Beyond McDonalds. 08 Dec. 2002 â€Å"World Trade Organization.† The Encyclopedia Britanica Online. 08 Dec. 2002

Malaysia Airlines Essay

Malaysia airlines:   what they did in real life and outcome performance after their adjustment and solution? Malaysia Airlines reduces fuel costs Malaysia Airlines reduces fuel costs on 40 aircrafts, including their A380 fleet, with SITA’s FMS Wind Uplink service. Flight Management System (FMS) calculations are constantly updated by the new service, therefore the airline can adjust flight plans easily owing to adjusting wind and weather conditions. The system also let the aircraft using fuel more cost effectively. From trials results, Wind Uplink saved of up to 600 kilograms of fuel within one flight. Captain Izham Ismail, Director of Operations for Malaysia Airlines, said: â€Å"This new service from SITA delivers savings straight away. We have already trialed SITA Wind Uplink with great success in reducing our fuel costs. It has also helped improve our final fuel on board predictions and made our estimated time of arrival predictions more accurate. We are experiencing real business benefits following introduction of this service at Malaysia Airlines.† Katrina Korzenowski, Director, Aircraft Services, Asia Pacific, SITA, said: â€Å"Wind Uplink enables airlines to take advantage of beneficial changes in weather so crews can bring flights in on time and on budget, reducing fuel costs whenever possible. Due to high fuel prices, we anticipate increased demand for Wind Uplink in the future and are already in discussions with many other potential customers. In addition, because Wind Uplink is packaged as a single service, it can be up and running in just a few hours for SITA Flight Briefing Service and AIRCOM Datalink customers—without any capital expenses.† Resources http://www.sita.aero/content/malaysia-airlines-reduce-fuel-costs-with-sita-s-wind-and-weather-service Etihad presents solution to MAS Etihad developed a track record of partnership and investing with MAS. The reason is MAS would provide Etihad a stronger offline network in Southeast Asia. Etihad put its code on Garuda-operated flights in five offline Indonesian destinations from Jakarta to Singapore. MAS can also provide Etihad connection to Indonesia. Indonesia is the second largest international market for MAS. During the limited code share, Kuala Lumpur-Bali is also one of seven MAS-operated routes covered. http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/malaysia-airlines-considers-tie-up-with-etihad-as-restructuring-process-slowly-begins-172934

Region – Cagayan Valley

Most of the region lies in a large valley in northeastern Luzon, between the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. The Cagayan River, the country's longest, runs through its center and flows out to Luzon Strait in the north, in the town of Aparri, Cagayan. The Babuyan and Batanes island groups that lie in the Luzon Strait belong to the region. Cagayan Valley is the second largest region of the Philippines in terms of land area. Ibanag, Itawes and Ilocano (in varied shades and intonations) and Malueg are the major dialects of Cagayan. Migration made Ilocano the dominant language spoken in the province, composing 67. 3% of the total population. (Dios nicamu ngamin in Ybanag greeting, Good Day to all), Itawes comprise 13. 5%, Ybanag 15. 3%, and Malaueg 1. 7%. Other ethnic groups that migrated speak their own dialects. A person in places where literacy is high speaks and understands English or Filipino (Cagayan, 87). It’s Culture People in the valley dressed very simply. Old women used the saya and kimono while men used the camisa de chino or the barong tagalog. Some of the houses that withstood the Japanese occupation were historical houses made of hard wood. Some were bahay-kubo. Most typical homes were strong and typhoon-resistant. For agriculture, today, there are only a few have modern agricultural implements. The majority still use traditional implements like animal-drawn tools. Filipinos are characterized by its close family ties such that majority of married couples with children lived with their parents. The value of bayanihan, sharing, cooperation, brotherhood, self-responsibility, respect, love, peace, and dignity, are still very much alive in Cagayan. Old songs, proverbs, and poems are still sung today, alongside the instruments Kuribaw, tulali and the kuritang produced by Ibanags. These produced warlike or sad music. It also exhibits the beauty of the unoni, the berso, and the pabattang (proverbs and the advises through songs) which convey Ibanag history and their mores that the ethnic group keep sacred and inviolable. The following are samples of the Unoni as described by the Ibanags: â€Å"maguray y mapporay, mesipo y massipo, mawawan y carwan† (the brave leads, the lenient are included and the rest gets lost).

Social Reforms, India

The reform activities united people and the attack on institutions like caste which hampered social unity created a sense of oneness in the people. But most of these reform movements had certain limitations. The questions to which they gave primacy concerned only small sections of Indian society. Some of them failed to emphasize or even recognize that colonial rule was inimical to the interests of the Indian people. Most of them worked within the framework of their respective communities in a way tended to promote identities based on religion or caste.Many of these limitations were sought to be overcome during the course of the national movement with which many social and religious reformers were closely associated. Indian nationalism aimed at the regeneration of the entire Indian society irrespective of caste and community. It was no longer necessary to confine the movement of social reform to one’s own community. http://www. historytuition. com/indian_society_in_colonial_per iod/social_reforms/impact_of_the_reform_movements http://www. indianetzone. com/22/indian_socio-religious_reform_movements_19th_century. tm A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements. Reformists' ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be rooted in utopian, socialist or religious concepts. Some rely on personal transformation; others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel and the self sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. 1. Raja Ram Mohan RoyRaja Ram Mohan Roy was popularly known as the ‘Father of Indian Renaissance ‘ was born on 22nd May 1772 in a Brahmin family in Bengal. He founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1815 and the Brahmo Samaj on 20th August 1828. Through these Institutions he fought ag ainst Orthodox Hindus and the fanatic Christian Missionaries. He was against of Sati system, Polygamy, Child marriage, Caste system and Untouchability. He was the great supporter of Inter-caste marriage, women education, Widow remarriages etc. Ram Mohan started publishing Newspapers and Magazines for which he was called the ‘Father of Indian Journalism'. . Mahatma Gandhi According to Gandhi † I would make the spinning-wheel, the foundation on which build a sound village life†. Gandhian way of education put emphasis on the development of body, mind, heart & soul. His scheme of education he called â€Å"Nai Talim† a beautiful blend of craft, art, health & education in one & covers the whole education of the individual till death. His education is more for girls than the boys. Gandhi ji was the first who Break the bridge between touchable & untouchable. He was the devotee of non-violence. 3. Gopabandhu DashGopabandhu Dash (1877–1928) known as Utkal Mani( Gems of Odisha) was a defining social worker who excelled in the field of politics as well as literature. Gopabandhu was a legend in the Indian culture. He served his people even at the cost of his family. During his study period, he started Kartavya Bodhini Samiti (Duty Awakening Society) to encourage his friends to do their duty as citizens and take on social, economic and political problems. He was leading a team to aid flood victims, when he heard of his son's serious illness but remained to serve the locals rather than return home to his son. e became the founder president of Congress in Odisha. 4. Swami Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda was another important Social Reformer who brought spiritual reawakening among the Indians in the 19th Century, popularly known as the ‘Intellectual Monk of India’ He was born in Calcutta on 12th, January, 1863. He began his life of wondering all over the country with his message of ‘Awakened India’ or ‘Prabhuda Bhara t’. He set-up ‘Ramakrishna Mission’ on 1st May, 1897. According to him, ‘Man is the maker of his own Destiny. The whole world has been made by the energy of man, by the power of faith’. 5. Swami Dayanada SaraswatiSwami Dayanada born in 1824 in a small town of Gujarat. Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of the ‘Arya Samaj' was one of the maker of Modern India. His Arya Samaj gave emphasis on the liberation of the Hindu Society. He called people ‘Go back to the Veda’ created consciousness among the people. He strongly opposed Idol worship, ritualism, practice of animal sacrifice, the idea of Heaven etc. This movement also challenged the Christian Missionaries who tried to convert the uneducated, poor and depressed classes of the Hindus. 6. Annie Besant Annie Besant was of Irish origin and made India her second home.She fought for the rights of Indian and was the first woman president of Indian National Congress. In 1893, she left for India having been influenced by the Indian culture and civilization. She was famous as a social worker, educationalist, journalist, prominent Theosophist, social reformer, political leader, women's rights activist, writer and orator. She fought for the Human Rights of Indian women. 7. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891 in Mhow (presently in Madhya Pradesh). Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is viewed as messiah of dalits and downtrodden in India. He was the chairman of the drafting committee in 1947.Bhimrao Ambedkar experienced caste discrimination right from the childhood. he was the first who reduce the bridge between tribal & non-tribal. 8. Medha Patkar Medha Patkar was born in Mumbai. On 28 March 2006, Patkar started a hunger-strike to protest against the decision of the authorities to raise the height of the Narmada Dam. She ended her 20-day fast on 17 April 2006, after the Supreme Court of India refused the Narmada Bachao Andolan's appeal to stop the cons truction of the dam. She was held by the police at Singur on 2 December 2006 after protesting against the acquisition of farmland. She is a great social Reformer & social Activist. . Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade was a distinguished judge, writer cum social reformer of India during the pre-independence era. Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade was a judge, politician, writer cum reformer of India. Politically, Ranade established the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and was also among those who played a phenomenal role in setting up the Indian National Congress party. Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade was also an active reformer. He set up the Social Conference movement, which worked against infant marriages, widows remarriage, spending heavily in marriages and other social functions.Ranade advocated for widow remarriage and female education. 10. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was a grat poet and novelist. In his famous book â€Å"Kamala Kanter Dafferâ €  pointed out the social evils and blind beliefs prevalent in Indian Soiety, which were pertaining to injustice to the poor and the downtrodden. He advocated remwedial measures for the eradication of all the evils. He wanrs to maintain equality between the rich and the poor. The famous song'Bande Mataram† was his creation. Most Hindus today still adhere to traditional teachings and practice passed down via the four main communities.What has been termed â€Å"modern Hinduism† has grown largely out of a number of quite radical reform movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These movements had a relatively small number of followers and by no means replaced or superseded the major traditional forms of Hinduism. Some specific reform movements, like the Arya Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission, still continue to be influential. The reform movements largely emerged from the growing contact that Hindu thinkers had with Western thought, culture and religion. Below are the four most important movements and the names associated with them. The Brahmo SamajThe Brahmo Sabha was founded in 1828 by Rama Mohan Roy (left) and in 1843 was restructured and renamed Brahmo Samaj by Devendranatha Tagore, father of the well-known poet, Rabindranatha Tagore. Rama Mohan was extremely learned and strongly influenced by Christianity. He disagreed with the doctrine of reincarnation and fought to abolish certain traditional practices, some of which had been grossly misused. These included caste, polygamy, image worship,  sati, and child marriage. His ideas of worship were drawn largely from Christianity. Devendranatha Tagore was greatly influenced by the western philosophy of Locke and Hume.He tried to reform the Brahmo Samaj but lacking support eventually left. Keshab Chandra Sen joined the Samaj in 1857 and initially worked with Tagore. But later disagreeing with Tagore's ideas, he left to establish his own movement. Today the Brahmo Samaj has but a fe w thousand members and little visible influence on the Hindu community. It failed to fulfil the hopes of those who saw the future religion of India as a blend of Christianity and Hindu metaphysics. The Arya Samaj The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Sarasvati (left) in 1875 as a radical reform movement.Dayananda wanted to halt the Christian missionary onslaught and to return to the ancient Vedic tradition. He therefore sought to purge Hinduism of what he considered later additions, such as image worship, pilgrimage and ritual bathing. Although emphasising the ancient Vedic tradition, Dayananda also sought to modernise Hinduism and to re-absorb Hindus who had converted to Islam or Christianity. His movement, with its concerns over the influence of other religions sowed the seeds for the many political parties that desired to re-establish Hindu rule in India.The Arya Samaj is still an active organisation, both world-wide and in the UK. Its members agree to follow its â€Å"T en Principles† and worship largely through  havan  (the sacred fire ceremony) and recitation of the Gayatri-mantra. The Ramakrishna Mission Ramakrishna (right) was born Gadadhar Chatterji in a poor but orthodox Bengali  brahmana  family. As a young man he became the priest at the Kali temple near Calcutta. He was later initiated as a  sannyasi  and experienced mystical visions, especially of Devi. He was profoundly influenced by Christianity and Islam and emphasised the universality of religion.He preached that â€Å"Jiva is Shiva† (the soul is God). He met many contemporary reformers and it was Keshab Chandra Sen who made him first known to the world. It was Vivekananda (1863–1902), however, who made Ramakrishna really famous. Born into the wealthy Dutt family, he was named Narendranath. He joined the Brahmo Samaj but later became Ramakrishna's favourite disciple, receiving the name Swami Vivekananda. He was expert in presenting Advaita Vedanta and g reatly impressed the Western world in his presentation to the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.He travelled extensively, promoting wide reform, claiming that other reformers â€Å"played into the hands of Europeans. † He established the Ramakrishna Mission, today well known for its social and educational programmes. Gandhi's â€Å"Satyagraha† Mohandas Gandhi (1869–1947) is probably the best known Indian of the twentieth century He was primarily an educator and reformer. His ultimate aim was to re-establish Ramarajya, the reign of Lord Rama – or, in more Western terms, the â€Å"kingdom of God on Earth. † He, was opposed to British oppression and particularly the way Indian cotton was sent to Manchester and the clothes returned for sale in India.He tried to free his country from this unhealthy economic dependence and campaigned for India's independence from British Rule. His means to do this was  satyagraha  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ grasping the truth – based on  ahimsa  (non-violence), with an unswerving faith in God. He followed many orthodox practices and was particularly fond of the  Bhagavad-gita. He often referred to the â€Å"still small voice within. † He is most well known for his support of the untouchables. He died at the hands of an assassin, disappointed with the partition of his beloved India. Social religious reform movements in India By Ms.Seema Lal  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Presentation Transcript 1. Name- Seema Lal Subject- Social science Category- secondary classes (IX & X) Topic of e-lesson- Socio religious reform movements . Target group- VIII & X Classes. 2. Learning Objectives†¦.. 1. To teach students about rise of series of religious and social reform movements. 2. To make them understand conditions which led to the rise of these movements. 3. To tell students how these movements led to reform of both- society and religions. 4. To help them learn key role played by the reformists to uplif t the status of women. 3. Index Social religious reform movements – Information .Evils in Indian society Varna system / Caste system Raja Ram Mohan Roy Arya Samaj Ramakrishna mission Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Mahadev Govinda Ranade Annie Beasent &Theosophical society Sir Syeed Ahmed Khan Impact of movements / Limitations Test your Knowledge 4. SOCIO RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS 5. VARIOUS SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS AROSE AMONG ALL COMMUNITIES OF THE INDIAN PEOPLE . IN RELIGION ATTACKED BIGOTRY,SUPERSTITION&HOLD OF PRIESTLY CLASSES. IN SOCIAL LIFE AMIED AT ABOLITION OF CASTES,CHILD MARRIAGE & LEGAL & SOCIAL INEQUALITIES. 6. VARIOUS SOCIAL EVILS EXISTED DURING 18 TH CENTURY.SEVERAL EVIL CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES HAD BECOME PART OF HINDU SOCIAL SYSTEM. STATUS OF WOMEN DETERIORATED. LIFE OF HINDUS WAS GOVERENED BY CASTE SYSTEM . BACK TO INDEX 7. A SYSTEM IN WHICH WOMAN WAS BURNED ON THE PYRE OF HER HUSBAND. SATI SYSTEM 8. CHILD MARRIAGE 9. NO EDUCATION TO GIRLS ! 10. NO WIDO W REMARRIAGE 11. PARDHA SYSTEM BACK TO INDEX 12. VARNA SYSTEM KASHATRIYAS VAISYAS SUDRAS BRAHMANAS BACK TO IND 13. FOUND BRAHMO SAMAJ IN 1828 . ABOLISHED SATI AND CHILDMARRIAGE . ADVOCATED WIDOW REMARRIAGE. CONDEMNED POLYTHEISM. STOOD FOR MODERN EDUCATION FOR ALL. RAJA RAM MOHANROY 14. HE PERSUADED GOVT.TO ABOLISH SATI & CHILD MARRIAGE. STOOD FOR EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN AND THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY TO WOMEN. HE WAS AN INTERNATIONALIST & SUPPORTED CAUSE OF FREEDOM EVERY WHERE. HIS SAMAJ WAS THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO REFORM HINDU SOCIETY. BACK TO IND 15. ARYA SAMAJ SWAMI DAYANAND 16. THE ARYA SAMAJ –1875 DAYANAND SARASWATI FOUNDED ARYA SAMAJ. HE ATTACKED CHILD MARRIAGE. HE WAS AGAINST IDOL WORSHIP. BELIVED IN INFALLIBLITY OF VEDAS. HE OPPOSED CASTE SYSTEM. ADVOCATED EQUAL RIGHTS FOR MEN AND WOMEN. NUMBER OF D. A. V SCHOOLS & COLLEGES WERE STARTED BY THE SAMAJ ALL OVER INDIA. BACK TO IND 17.RAMAKRISHNA MISSION FOUNDED BY VIVEKANAND – DISCIPLE OF RAMAKRISHNA PARA- MHANSA. HE ESTABL ISHED THE MISSION & EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS . UPLIFTED STATUS OF WOMEN . BACK TO IND 18. ISHWAR CHANDRA VIDYASAGAR-1820-91 WORKED FOR THE CAUSE OF EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN. DUE TO HIS EFFORTS LEGAL OBSTACLES TO WIDOW REMARRIAGE WERE REMOVED BY A LAW IN 1856. PROMOTED EDUCATION AMONG GIRLS & SET UP INSTITUTIONS FOR THEM . BACK TO IND 19. MAHADEV GOVINDA RANADE-1842-1901 WAS A SOUL OF THE INDIAN SOCIAL CONFERENCE-1887. CAMPAIGNED FOR ABOLITION OF CASTE,INTERCASTE MARRIAGES WIDOW REMARRIAGE,EDUCATION FOR WOMEN UPLIFTMENT OF LOWCASTES & HINDU MUSLIM- UNITY.BACK TO IND 20. ANNIE BESANT AND THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY WORKED FOR REVIVAL OF HINDUISM -ITS PHILOSOPHY& MODES OF WORSHIP. HELPED IMPART INDIANS A SENSE OF PRIDE IN THEIR OWN COUNTRY. FOUNDED THE CENTRAL HINDU COLLEGE . ORGANISED HOMERULE MOVEMENT BACK TO IND 21. SYED AHMEDKHAN 22. .ESTABLISHED-MOHAMDEN – ANGLO- ORENTIAL COLLEGE. .INSISTED ON COOPERATION WITH BRITISHERS AND REFORMS AMONG MUSLIMS. .PERSUADED MUSLIMS TO RECEIVE MODERN EDUCATION. ALIGARH MOVEMENT SIR SYED AHMED KHAN BACK TO IND 23. Impact of reform movements. EMANCIPATATION OF WOMEN. WIDOW REMARRIAGE ACT IN 1856. SATI &INFANTICIDE WERE BANNED.MARRIAGEABLE AGE OF GIRLS WAS RAISED 1860. EDUCATION TO GIRLS BEGAN. BACK TO IND 24. LIMITATIONS OF REFORM MOVEMENTS 1. THEY CONCERNED ONLY SMALL SECTIONS OF SOCIETY. 2. WORKED FOR THEIR RESPECTIVE COMMUNITY. 3. FAILED TO EMPHASISE THAT COLONIAL RULE WAS INIMICAL TO THEIR INTEREST. 25. TESTING OF KNOWLEDGE Q1. WHEN WAS BRAHMO SAMAJ FOUNDED? Q2. WHO FOUNDED ARYA SAMAJ? Q3. WHAT WERE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SIR SYED AHMED KHAN? Q4. WHO STARTED HOMERULE MOVEMENT? Q5. LIST EVILS THAT EXISTED IN INDIAN SOCIETY? Q6. WHY REFORM MOVEMENTS DID NOT BECOME POPULAR? BACK TO IND From Social religious reform movements 19th centuryMany Indians realized that the reform of social institutions and religious outlook of people was a necessary pre-condition for the growth of national unity. Through successive movements they carried forward the pioneering work started by few enlightened Indians. This was a difficult task as orthodox elements formed large and strong groups in the country. During the second half of 19th century only two important laws were passed by the British government. One of these passed in 1872 sanctioned inter-caste and inter-communal marriages. The other passed in 1891 aimed to discourage child marriage.Brahmo Samaj Young Bengal Movement Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Veda Samaj and Prathana Samaj Rama Krishna and Vivekananda Arya Samaj Theosophical Society Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh Movement Cultural awakening Seva Sada: It was founded in 1885 by Behramji Malabari (Parsi social reformer). It was a humanitarian organization that specialized in care of discarded and exploited women specially widows. It provided for education and welfare of women and encouraged widow remarriage. Servant of India Society founded by Gopal Krishan Gokhale in 1905 for social service. Indian National Social C onference:An offshoot of Prarthana Samaj, founded by Ranade and Raghunath Rao. Its conference was held in 1887 at Madras sharing the platform with the annual session of INC. It virtually became social reform cell of INC. Social Service League was founded in 1911 by N. M. Joshi to collect social facts, discuss them and build public opinion on question of social service. Seva Samiti: It was founded by Hridayanath Kunzru in 1914 at Allahabad to organise social service, to promote education and to reform the criminals and other fallen elements of society. Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:Pandit Ishwar Chandra was a great educator, humanist and social reformer. He was born in 1820 in a village in Midnapur, Bengal. He rose to be the Head Pandit of the Bengali Department of Fort William College. He firmly believed that reform in Indian society could only come about through educ ation. Vidyasagar founded many schools for girls. He helped J. D. Bethune to establish the Bethune School. He fou nded the Metropolitan Institution in Calcutta. He protested against child marriage and favoured widow remarriage which was legalized by the Widow Remarriage Act (1856).It was due to his great support for the spread of education that he was given the title of Vidyasagar. Jyotiba Phule: Jyotiba Phule belonged to a low caste family in Maharashtra. He waged a life-long struggle against upper caste domination and Brahmanical supremacy. In 1873 he founded the Satya Shodak Samaj to fight against the caste system. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education for women. Jyotiba Phule and his wife established the first girls’ school at Poona in 1851. Saint Ramalinga: Saint Ramalinga was one of the foremost saints of Tamil Nadu in the nineteenth century.He was born on October 5, 1823 at Marudhur, near Chidambaram. He was the last son of his father, Ramayya Pillai and mother, Chinnammayar. Developing a deep interest in spiritual life, Ramalinga m oved to Karunguli in 1858, a place near Vadalur where the Saint later settled down. His divine powers came to be recognised at the early age of eleven. In 1865 he founded the Samarasa Suddha Sanmargha Sangha for the promotion of his ideals of establishing a casteless society. He preached love and compassion to the people. He composed Tiru Arutpa. His other literay works include Manu Murai Kanda Vasagam and Jeeva Karunyam.His language was so simple as to enable the illiterate people to understand his teachings. In 1870 he moved to Mettukuppam, a place three miles away from Vadalur. There he started constructing the Satya Gnana Sabai in 1872. He introduced the principle that God could be worshipped in the form of Light. Sri Vaikunda Swamigal: Sri Vaikunda Swamigal was born in 1809 at Swamithoppu in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. His original name was Mudichoodum Perumal but he was called Muthukkutty. He preached against the caste system and untouchability. He also condemned r eligious ceremonies.Many came to his place to worship him and slowly his teachings came to be known as Ayyavazhi. By the midnineteenth century, Ayyavazhi came to be recognized as a separate religion and spread in the regions of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli. After his death, the religion was spread on the basis of his teachings and the religious books Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country. Self-Respect Movement and Periyar E. V. R. : Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy was a great social reformer. In 1921, during the anti-liquor campaign he cut down 1000 coconut trees in his own farm.In 1924, he took an active part in the Vaikam Satyagraha. The objective of the Satyagraha was to secure for untouchables the right to use a road near a temple at Vaikom in Kerala. E. V. R. opposed the Varnashrama policy followed in the V. V. S. Iyer’s Seranmadevi Gurugulam. During 1920- 1925 being in the Congrees Party he s tressed that Congress should accept communal representation. Subsequently in 1925, he started the â€Å"Self-Respect Movement†. The aims of the ‘Self-Respect Movement’ were to uplift the Dravidians and to expose the Brahminical tyrany and deceptive methods by which they controlled all spheres of Hindu life.He denounced the caste system, child marriage and enforced widowhood. He encouraged inter-caste marriages. He himself conducted many marriages without any rituals. Such a marriage was known as â€Å"Self-Respect Marriage. † He gave secular names to new born babies. He attacked the laws of Manu, which he called the basis of the entire Hindu social fabric of caste. He founded the Tamil journals Kudiarasu, Puratchi and Viduthalai to propagate his ideals. In 1938 at Tamil Nadu Women’s Conference appreciate in the noble service rendered by E. V. R. he was given the title â€Å"Periyar†.On 27th June 1970 by the UNESCO organization praised and ado rned with the title â€Å"Socrates of South Asia†. Social Policies and Legislation  : Social Policies and Legislation-In the beginning, the British interest was limited to trade and earning profits from economic exploitation. Therefore, they did not evince any interest in taking the issue of social or religious reforms. They were apprehensive of interfering with the social and religious customs and institutions of the Indians because of the fear that they might lose trade advantage. Thus, they adopted the policy of extreme precaution nd indifference towards social issues in India. The one reason why they indulged in criticizing the customs and traditions of India was to generate a feeling of inferiority complex among the Indians. However, in the mid-19th century the social and religious movements, launched in India, attracted the attention of the Company’s administration towards the country’s social evils. The propaganda carried out by the Christian missionari es also stirred the minds of the educated Indians. Western thought and education and views expressed in different newspapers and magazines had their own impact.Some of the British administrators like Lord William Bentinck had evinced personal interest in the matter. There were primarily two areas in which laws were enacted, laws pertaining to women emancipation and the caste system. Social Laws Concerning Wome  : The condition of women, by the time the British established their rule, was not encouraging. Several evil practices such as the practice of Sati, the Purdah system, child marriage, female infanticide, bride price and polygamy had made their life quite miserable. The place of women had come to be confined to the four walls of her home.The doors of education had been shut for them. From economic point of view also her status was miserable. There was no social and economic equality between a man and woman. A Hindu woman was not entitled to inherit any property. Thus, by and large, she was completely dependent on men. During the 19th and 20th centuries some laws were enacted with the sincere efforts of social reformers, humanists and some British administrators to improve the condition of women in Indian society. The first effort in this direction was the enactment of law against the practice of Sati during the administration of Lord William Bentinck.Female Infanticide  : Female infanticide was another inhuman practice afflicting the 19th century Indian society. It was particularly in vogue in Rajputana, Punjab and the North Western Provinces. Colonel Todd, Johnson Duncan, Malcolm and other British administrators have discussed about this evil custom in detail. Factors such as family pride, the fear of not finding a suitable match for the girl child and the hesitation to bend before the prospective in-laws were some of the major reasons responsible for this practice. Therefore, mmediately after birth, the female infants were being killed either by fee ding them with opium or by strangulating or by purposely neglecting them. Some laws were enacted against this practice in 1795, 1802 and 1804 and then in 1870. However, the practice could not be completely eradicated only through legal measures. Gradually, this evil practice came to be done away through education and public opinion. Widow Remarriage: There are many historical evidences to suggest that widowremarriage enjoyed social sanction during ancient period in India.In course of time the practice ceased to prevail increasing the number of widows to lakhs during the 19th century. Therefore, it became incumbent on the part of the social reformers to make sincere efforts to popularize widow remarriage by writing in newspapers and contemporary journals. Prominent among these reformers was Raja Rammohan Roy and Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar. They carried out large scale campaigns in this regard mainly through books, pamphlets and petitions with scores of signatures. In July 1856, J. P.Gr ant, a member of the Governor-General’s Council finally tabled a bill in support of the widow remarriage, which was passed on 13 July 1856 and came to be called the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856. Child Marriage: The practice of child marriage was another social stigma for the women. In November 1870, the Indian Reforms Association was started with the efforts of Keshav Chandra Sen. A journal called Mahapap Bal Vivah (Child marriage: The Cardinal Sin) was also launched with the efforts of B. M. Malabari to fight against child marriage. In 1846, the minimum marriageable age for a girl was only 10 years.In 1891, through the enactment of the Age of Consent Act, this was raised to 12 years. In 1930, through the Sharda Act, the minimum age was raised to 14 years. After independence, the limit was raised to 18 years in 1978. Purdah System: Similarly, voices were raised against the practice of Purdah during the 19th and 20th century. The condition of women among the peasantry was relati vely better in this respect. Purdah was not so much prevalent in Southern India. Through the large scale participation of women in the national freedom movement, the system disappeared without any specific legislative measure taken against it.Struggle against the Caste System and the related Legislation: Next to the issue of women emancipation, the caste system became the second most important issue of social reforms. In fact, the system of caste had become the bane of Indian society. The caste system was primarily based on the fourfold division of society viz. Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Shudras. On account of their degradation in their social status, the Shudras were subjected to all kinds of social discrimination. In the beginning of the 19th century the castes of India had been split into innumerable subcastes on the basis of birth.In the meantime, a new social consciousness also dawned among the Indians. Abolition of untouchability became a major issue of the 19th century social and religious reform movements in the country. Mahatma Gandhi made the removal of untouchability a part of his constructive programme. He brought out a paper, The Harijan, and also organised the Harijan Sevak Sangh. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar dedicated his entire life for the welfare of the downtrodden. In Bombay, he formed a Bahiskrit Hitkarini Sabha in July 1924 for this purpose. Later, he also organised the Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha to fight against caste oppression.Jyotirao Phule in Western India and Shri Narayana Guru in Kerala respectively established the Satya Shodhak Samaj and the Shri Narayana Dharma Partipalana Yogam to include self-esteem among the downtrodden. In the Madras Presidency also the beginning of 20th century witnessed the rise of Self-respect Movement of Periyar E. V. R. In order to eradicate this evil practice many other individual and institutional efforts were also made. These movements were directed mainly in removing the disabilities suffered by Harijans in regard to drawing of water from public wells, getting entry into temples and admission into schools.